Awareness and Determinants of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Libyan Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major etiological factor in cervical cancer, yet awareness and uptake of the HPV vaccine remain low across the Middle East and North Africa. Libya has not introduced HPV vaccination into its national immunization program, and little is known about women’s knowledge, attitudes, or acceptance. This study aimed to assess awareness, knowledge, and acceptance of HPV vaccination among Libyan women aged 18–50 years and to identify factors influencing vaccine acceptance. A cross-sectional online survey was disseminated using convenience sampling, yielding 351 valid responses. Most participants were aged 18–25 years (69.2%), single (78.1%), and university students (66.7%). Awareness of HPV reached 71.5%, and 55.6% had heard of the HPV vaccine, while 61.3% recognized HPV as a cause of cervical cancer. Overall vaccine acceptance was 60.7%, comprising 43.6% willing to receive the vaccine and 17.1% already vaccinated. Prior awareness of the HPV vaccine was the strongest predictor of acceptance, showing a significant association (χ² = 35.7; p < 0.001) and remaining an independent determinant in logistic regression analysis (AOR= 3.96; 95% CI 2.48–6.31). The findings highlight moderate HPV knowledge but substantial uncertainty regarding vaccination, suggesting that inadequate information—rather than firm refusal—is the main barrier. Enhancing public health education and strengthening healthcare provider communication may support the future introduction of the HPV vaccine into Libya’s national immunization program.